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Sur les chemins, des reflets opale,
L'amour, la haine, le bien, le mal.
Pour combler nos soirs et matins,
À la croisée des chemins, un destin.
Micheline LANTIN.
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The Musée Magnin is a national museum in the French city of Dijon, with a collection of around 2,000 works of art collected by Maurice Magnin and his wife Jeanne and bequeathed to the state in 1937 along with the hôtel Lantin, a 17th-century hôtel particulier in the old-town quarter of Dijon where it is now displayed as an amateur collector's cabinet of curiosities and as the Magnin family home. (Wikipedia)
Europe Europa
Belgique België Belgium Belgien Belgica
Région wallonne
Province de Liège
Lantin
Fort de Lantin
The Musée Magnin is a national museum in the French city of Dijon, with a collection of around 2,000 works of art collected by Maurice Magnin and his wife Jeanne and bequeathed to the state in 1937 along with the hôtel Lantin, a 17th-century hôtel particulier in the old-town quarter of Dijon where it is now displayed as an amateur collector's cabinet of curiosities and as the Magnin family home. (Wikipedia)
The Musée Magnin is a national museum in the French city of Dijon, with a collection of around 2,000 works of art collected by Maurice Magnin and his wife Jeanne and bequeathed to the state in 1937 along with the hôtel Lantin, a 17th-century hôtel particulier in the old-town quarter of Dijon where it is now displayed as an amateur collector's cabinet of curiosities and as the Magnin family home. (Wikipedia)
Ghost signs in an alleyway off Broad Street in historic downtown Globe, Arizona.
Hasselblad 501 CM + Zeiss Distagon f/3.5 60mm CF + Kodak Tmax 100 @ 80. Lab: The Icon, Los Angeles, CA. Scan: Epson V850.
The Musée Magnin is a national museum in the French city of Dijon, with a collection of around 2,000 works of art collected by Maurice Magnin and his wife Jeanne and bequeathed to the state in 1937 along with the hôtel Lantin, a 17th-century hôtel particulier in the old-town quarter of Dijon where it is now displayed as an amateur collector's cabinet of curiosities and as the Magnin family home. (Wikipedia)
The Musée Magnin is a national museum in the French city of Dijon, with a collection of around 2,000 works of art collected by Maurice Magnin and his wife Jeanne and bequeathed to the state in 1937 along with the hôtel Lantin, a 17th-century hôtel particulier in the old-town quarter of Dijon where it is now displayed as an amateur collector's cabinet of curiosities and as the Magnin family home. (Wikipedia)
The most over-the-top room in the building…
The Musée Magnin is a national museum in the French city of Dijon, with a collection of around 2,000 works of art collected by Maurice Magnin and his wife Jeanne and bequeathed to the state in 1937 along with the hôtel Lantin, a 17th-century hôtel particulier in the old-town quarter of Dijon where it is now displayed as an amateur collector's cabinet of curiosities and as the Magnin family home. (Wikipedia)
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Is Climate Change Making Us Sick?
More floods, heat waves, insect-borne disease... Doctors are worried about how global warming will affect our health
By Barbara Lantin (*)
You might think that a little climate change would not go amiss in the British Isles. We’d have more warm summers and fewer freezing winters. What’s wrong with that?
Ask the people of Yorkshire. As a result of global warming, many homeowners this week are up to their waists inmuddy water. Andflooding could be just the beginning of our worries. This week a paper in the British Medical Journal gave warning that climate change could be particularly damaging to the health of people in the developing world, but research also suggests that it could be bad news for Britain. Delegates at a conference in London on Tuesday will be told that global warming will drive up rates of cardio-respiratory disease, diarrhoea and insect-borne diseases such as malaria in the UK.
Global warming is believed to be occurring because human activities, particularly burning fossil fuels, have released into the atmosphere huge amounts of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gases” that are trapping more heat in the Earth’s lower atmosphere. Average global surface temperatures are already rising and are predicted to increase by between 1.4C and 5.8C over the next century, bringing a higher risk of floods, droughts and heat waves.
“We are already witnessing the effects of climate change on health,” says Dr Hugh Montgomery, the director of the Institute for Human Health and Performance at University College London, who has organised next week’s conference at the Royal College of Physicians. The heat wave of 2003, when temperatures in the northern hemisphere reached the highest on record, killed up to 35,000 people – 2,000 of them in the UK. Last summer’s floods have been shown to increase rates of mental illness (see box, left). And milder weather is likely to be behind the arrival here from Europe of the midge-borne cattle disease bluetongue.
“Each of us is, in effect, moving 6km (4 miles) south a year or 60km a decade,” says Dr Montgomery. “The result will be fewer deaths from colds and flu, but more from strokes and heart attacks because of the heat. Global warming means a higher baseline temperature from which there will be more surges and extreme events.”
Every one degree rise means 75 deaths
By the 2080s we can expect to see weather like that of August 2003 every year. This is bad news. Studies by the Department of Health have shown that in June 2006, when temperatures in the UK soared, there were 75 extra deaths for every one degree rise on the thermometer, with children, older people, those living in built-up areas and the chronically sick most at risk. Deaths can be caused by the body’s inability to adapt and cool itself sufficiently. However, the main causes of death and illness are cardiovascular and respiratory disease.
When it’s hot, large quantities of blood are circulated to the skin to keep it cool, placing a sometimes catastrophic strain on the heart. In addition, heat causes ozone concentrations and pollution levels to rise. This increases asthma rates and causes extra deaths from a range of respiratory illnesses.
The heat is also likely to bring more unwelcome insects to these shores. While it is unlikely that malaria will take hold – the disease is controllable in countries with good healthcare – other disease-carrying insects (known as vectors by scientists) may arrive.
“Climate change poses a significant risk of the introduction of vector-borne diseases into Europe and indeed there is evidence that such change has already happened,” says Paul Hunter, a professor of health protection at the University of East Anglia. “Several vector-borne diseases not previously described in Europe have appeared, including chikungunya [a virus carried by Asian tiger mosquito that causes fever, headache and joint pain]. There was an outbreak in Italy last summer.”
Warmer, drier weather could change our landscape, too. Professor Ian Crute, the director of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council’s Rothamsted Unit, predicts more maize grown, a possible regeneration of the tree fruit industry and the movement of greenhouse-grown fruit and vegetables to the north. “But I don’t expect we’ll ever have acres of sunflower fields or olive groves,” he says.
However, climate change will have a big impact on the way we live. “Events like the drought that has caused Australian wheat crop failure – and affected worldwide wheat prices – will become common. The era of cheap food that we have enjoyed since the Second World War is ending and people on low incomes will find it increasingly difficult to eat a healthy diet.”
What can we do about it?
Failure to act could have catastrophic consequences but striving to cut carbon emissions could produce unexpected benefits. “What we do to deal with climate change could bring about a revolution in public health,” says Ian Roberts, a professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. For example, reducing our dependence on cars should mean that more people walk and cycle, leading to a decrease in obesity. It should also reduce road accidents, which kill more than 3,000 Britons a year.
“At the moment we are in a vicious cycle,” says Professor Roberts. “We use our cars more and get fatter because we are not exercising. As we get heavier, we become more dependent on fossil fuels because we are reluctant to walk or cycle at all. We need to break this loop.
“If we design climate change policy to max-imise the health benefits, it will be the silver lining to the cloud of global warming. It’s the only bit of good news in the whole story.”
Rising woes
Increased risk to our physical health won’t be the only result of climate change, our mental health may also be affected.
Sara Wolcott* and family were among the 1,950 people made homeless by floods last July in Gloucestershire (see picture above). “After two months, I had panic attacks when my two sons or my husband left me alone. I kept thinking about all the things we’d lost, reliving it over and over,” she says.
Wolcott, who saw her GP and was prescribed antidepressants, isn’t alone. Soon after the floods, Gloucestershire Primary Care Trust (PCT) had an increase in reports of mental health problems. In response, it set up the People Recovery Group to help those suffering stress and anxiety.
“There is evidence that disasters can increase incidence of mental health problems,” says Dr Nevila Kallfa, of Gloucestershire PCT. " People are living not just with the loss of their homes and posessions but with the constant fear that it will happen again.”
Wolcott agrees: “If floods become the norm, it would add an extra level of stress that’s bound to affect people’s health.”
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(*) Barbara Lantin is a freelance health writer who has contributed for many years to national newspapers, magazines and websites. Her work appears regularly on The Daily Telegraph health-and-wellbeing pages and on the Telegraph website. She has also written consumer information materials for Government departments and others. She is vice-president and former chair of the Guild of Health Writers.
The above article appeared on http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/
Europe Europa
Belgique België Belgium Belgien Belgica
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Province de Liège
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The Musée Magnin is a national museum in the French city of Dijon, with a collection of around 2,000 works of art collected by Maurice Magnin and his wife Jeanne and bequeathed to the state in 1937 along with the hôtel Lantin, a 17th-century hôtel particulier in the old-town quarter of Dijon where it is now displayed as an amateur collector's cabinet of curiosities and as the Magnin family home. (Wikipedia)
The Musée Magnin is a national museum in the French city of Dijon, with a collection of around 2,000 works of art collected by Maurice Magnin and his wife Jeanne and bequeathed to the state in 1937 along with the hôtel Lantin, a 17th-century hôtel particulier in the old-town quarter of Dijon where it is now displayed as an amateur collector's cabinet of curiosities and as the Magnin family home. (Wikipedia)
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Is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (Vietnamese: Biển Đông), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
The people of Vietnam regained independence and broke away from China in AD 938 after their victory at the battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive dynasties flourished along with geographic and political expansion deeper into Southeast Asia, until it was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. Efforts to resist the French eventually led to their expulsion from the country in the mid-20th century, leaving a nation divided politically into two countries. Fighting between the two sides continued during the Vietnam War, ending with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
Emerging from this prolonged military engagement, the war-ravaged nation was politically isolated. The government’s centrally planned economic decisions hindered post-war reconstruction and its treatment of the losing side engendered more resentment than reconciliation. In 1986, it instituted economic and political reforms and began a path towards international reintegration. By 2000, it had established diplomatic relations with most nations. Its economic growth had been among the highest in the world in the past decade.[vague] These efforts resulted in Vietnam joining the World Trade Organization in 2007.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnam
Geography
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam
Other info
Flags from cities
Oficial Name:
Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
Independence:
Date September 2, 1945 - Recognized 1954
Area:
332.501km2
Inhabitants:
82.481.000
Language :
Akha [ahk] 1,261 in Viet Nam (1995 Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, Hanoi). Quang Binh and Quang Tri Provinces both sides of the Viet Nam-Laos border, northeast of Phuc Trach. Alternate names: Kaw, Ekaw, Ikaw, Aka, Ak'a, Ahka, Ko, Khako, Kha Ko, Khao Ikor, Aini, Yani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani, Ha-Ya
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Arem [aem] 20 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). Population total all countries: 40. Ethnic population: 100 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). Tan Trach and one or two families of Thuong Trach in Bo Trach District, Quang Binh Province. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: A-Rem, Chomrau, Chombrau, Umo. Dialects: Other dialects or ethnic names: Tu-vang, Pa-leng, Xo-lang, To-hung, Chà-cu, Tac-cui, Nhà Chút. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut Nearly extinct.
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Bahnar [bdq] 158,456 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen provinces, central highlands. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Bana. Dialects: Tolo, Golar, Alakong (A-La Cong), Jolong (Gio-Lang, Y-Lang), Bahnar Bonom (Bomam), Kontum, Krem. Other dialects or ethnic names: Roh, Kpang Cong. Closest to Alak 1, Tampuan, and Lamam. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
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Brao [brb] 313 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Kon Tum Province, Cambodia-Laos border area. Alternate names: Brau, Braou, Proue, Brou, Love, Lave, Laveh, Rawe. Dialects: Palau. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet
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Bru, Eastern [bru] 55,559 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Dac Lac provinces. Alternate names: Bru, Brou, Van Kieu, Quang Tri Bru. Dialects: Mangkong, Tri. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Brou-So
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Cao Lan [mlc] 147,315 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 187,315. The San Chay are mainly concentrated in Tuyen Quang, Bac Can, and Thai Nguyen provinces. They are also found scattered in certain areas of Yen Bai, Vinh Phuc, Phu Tho, Bac Giang, and Quang Ninh provinces. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Caolan, San Chay, San Chi, "Man Cao-Lan", Sán-Chi, "Mán", Cao Lan-Sán Chi. Dialects: Maintains some features from Northern Tai. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central
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Cham, Eastern [cjm] 72,873 in Viet Nam (2002). Binh Thuan, Ninh Thuan, Dong Nai provinces and Ho Chi Minh City. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Tjam, Chiem, Chiem Thành, Bhamam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Cham-Chru
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Cham, Western [cja] 25,000 in Viet Nam. Population includes 4,000 in Saigon. An Giang and Tay Ninh provinces and Ho Chi Minh City. Alternate names: Cambodian Cham, Tjam, Cham, New Cham, Chiem. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Cham-Chru
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Chinese, Yue [yue] 862,371 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Soc Trang, Can Tho, Vinh Long, Tra Vinh, Dong Nai, and Kieng Giang provinces and in the cities of Ho Chi Minh, Hanoi, and Haiphong, and along the northern Viet Nam-China border regions. Alternate names: Suòng Phóng, Quang Dong, Hai Nam, Ha Xa Phang, Minh Huong, Chinese Nung, Nung, Lowland Nung, Hoa, Han, Trièu Chau, Phúc Kién, Liem Chau, Samg Phang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
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Chrau [crw] 22,567 (1999 census). Few monolinguals. Dòng Nai Province. The Tamun group live in Tayninh and Binhlong provinces. Alternate names: Chauro, Choro, Ro, Tamun. Dialects: Jro, Dor (Doro), Prang, Mro, Voqtwaq, Vajieng, Chalah, Chalun, Tamun. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau
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Chru [cje] 14,978 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lam Dong and Binh Thuan provinces. Also spoken in France, USA. Alternate names: Churu, Choru, Chu Ru, Chu, Cru, Kru, Chrau Hma, Cadoe Loang, Seyu. Dialects: Rai, Noang (La-Dang). Close to Cham. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Cham-Chru
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Chut [scb] 3,829 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 4,279. Quang Binh Province, Thuong Hoa, Hoa Son, Dan Hoa communes, near the Laos border at the same latitude as Mu Gia Pass. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Sach, Salang, Ruc, May. Dialects: Sach, May, Ruc ( Kha Mu Gia, Tac Cui). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
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Côông [cnc] 2,000 (2002 Edmondson). Lai Chau Province, Muong Te District, east of Sila, south of Mang. 4 villages at Ban Nam Luong in Xa Can Ho, Bo Lech in Xa Can Ho, Nam Kha Co area at Ban Bo, Muong Tong at Nam Ke near the Lao border. Alternate names: "Xa Coong", "Xa Xam", Khoong, "Xa Xeng". Dialects: Quite different from Akha, Lahu, and Sila of this location. The northern and southern varieties in Viet Nam are different, but inherently intelligible to speakers. Bisu, Pyen, and Mpi are closely related. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Phunoi
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Cua [cua] 27,766 (1999 census). Quang Ngai and Quang Nam provinces. Alternate names: Bong Miew, Bòng Mieu. Dialects: Kol (Kor, Cor, Co, Col, Dot, Yot), Traw (Tràu, Dong). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East, Cua-Kayong
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En [enc] 200 (1998 Edmondson). Cao Bang Province, Noi Thon village, about 20 km directly east on foot from Ho Quang City, Ho Quang District. Alternate names: Nung Ven. Dialects: Lexical similarity less than 50% with Laha, Qabiao (Laqua), Lachi, Gelao, Buyang, Hlai. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao
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Gelao, Green [giq] 300 (2002 Edmondson). Yen Minh District, Pho La and Dong Van. Alternate names: Hoki Gelao, Cape Draping Gelao, Klau, Qau. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi
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Gelao, Red [gir] 20. Yen Minh District. Alternate names: Voa Dê, Vandu Gelao. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi Nearly extinct.
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Gelao, White [giw] 20 (2002 Edmondson). Yen Minh District, Pho La and Dong Van. Alternate names: Tú Du, Telue, Southwestern Gelao. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi Nearly extinct.
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Giáy [pcc] 49,098 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lao Cai, Hà Giang, and Lai Chau provinces. Alternate names: Bouyei, Bo-Y, Bo-I, Buyi, Pu-I, Puyi, Pui, Chang Chá, Trong Ggia, Tu-Dìn, Nhaang, Nyang, Niang, Yai, Yay, Giai, Giang, Dang, Dioi, Pau Thin, Pú Nà, Pu-Nam, Cùi Chu, Xa Chung Chá, Chung Cha, Sa. Dialects: Tu-Dí, Nhang, Pú Nà. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Northern
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Haiphong Sign Language [haf] Haiphong. Dialects: Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Halang [hal] 13,500 in Viet Nam (2000). Population total all countries: 17,500. Kon Tum Province. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Salang, Koyong. Dialects: Close to Jeh. Salang in Laos may be a different but related language. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang
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Halang Doan [hld] 2,000 in Viet Nam(1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population total all countries: 4,346. Kon Tum Province, between the Sedang and the Cua. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Halang Duan, Duan, Doan. Dialects: May be intelligible with Takua, Kayong, Halang Daksut, or Rengao. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Duan
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Hani [hni] 17,535 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces in northern Viet Nam. One variety is east, one west of Muong Te City. Not in Thailand. Alternate names: Hànhì, Haw, Uni, U Ní, Xauni, Xá U Ní. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani, Ha-Ya
More information.
Hanoi Sign Language [hab] Hanoi. Dialects: Related to sign languages in Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Haroi [hro] 35,000 (1998). Binh Dinh and Phu Yen provinces. Alternate names: Hrway, Hroi, Hroy, Hoi, Aroi, Bahnar Cham. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Plateau
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Hmong Daw [mww] All Hmong in Viet Nam: 787,604 (1999 census). Most live in several provinces of northern Viet Nam, now over 10,000 resettled in Dac Lac province in southern Viet Nam. Alternate names: White Meo, Meo Kao, White Lum, Mán Tráng, Bai Miao. Dialects: Hmong Xi (Meo Do). Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Dô [hmv] Ha Giang Province, Dong Van and Meo Vae districts; Lao Cai Province, Bac Ha District. Dialects: Largely intelligible with Hmong Daw. Lexical similarity 80% with Hmong Daw. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Don [hmf] Ha Giang Province, Hua Binh, YenBai, Nghia Lo. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Njua [blu] Living in many provinces of northern Viet Nam, probably some in Dac Lac Province in southern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Blue Meo, Green Miao, Tak Meo, Hmong Njwa, Hmong Leng. Dialects: Hmong Hoa. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Hmong Shua [hmz] 60 (2003). Ha Giang Province, 3 villages. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
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Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language [hos] Ho Chi Minh City. Dialects: Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Haiphong, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Hre [hre] 113,111 (1999 census). Quang Ngai and Binh Dinh provinces. Alternate names: Davak, Davach, Moi Da Vach, Moi, Moi Luy, Cham-Re, Chom, Tachom. Dialects: Rabah (Tava), Creq (Kare, Kre), Hre. Closest to Sedang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang
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Hung [hnu] 700 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). Pong dialect in Tam Thai commune, Tuong Duong District, Nghe An Province, and Dan Lai and Ly Ha dialects in Mon Son and Luc Da communes, Con Cuong District. Alternate names: Cuói, K'katiam-Pong-Houk. Dialects: Pong (Poong, Phong, Tay Pong, Toum Phong, Khong Kheng, Xa La Vang, Pong 1, Pong 2), Dan Lai, Ly Ha. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi
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Iu Mien [ium] 350,000 in Viet Nam (1999 H. Purnell). Throughout the highland regions of northern Viet Nam, about 16,000 in Dac Lak Province in the south. Alternate names: Kim Mien, Yu Mien, Mien, "Mán", Yao, Myen, Highland Yao, Dao Do, Red Dao, "Dong", "Trai", "Xá", Dìu, Yao Kimmien, Yao Ogang, Dao Thanh Phan. Dialects: Dao Do, Deo Tien, Dao Lan Tien, Dao Lo Gang, Cham, Quan Chet, Quan Trang. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
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Jarai [jra] 317,557 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 332,557. Mainly in Gia Lai and Kon Tum Provinces, some in Dac Lac Province. Also spoken in Cambodia, USA. Alternate names: Djarai, Gia-Rai, Jorai, Cho-Rai, Chor, Mthur, Chrai, Gio-Rai. Dialects: Puan, Hodrung (Hdrung), Jhue, Aráp, Habau (Ho-Bau), To-Buan, Sesan, Chuty, Pleikly, Golar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Plateau
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Jeh [jeh] 15,243 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Population total all countries: 23,256. Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Die, Yeh, Gie. Dialects: Jeh Bri La (Bri-La), Jeh Mang Ram. Related to Halang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang
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Katu, Eastern [ktv] 50,458 (1999 census). Quang Nam and Thua Thien provinces. Alternate names: High Katu. Dialects: A different language variety and orthography in Laos. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
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Katua [kta] 3,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Gia Lai-Cong Tum Province, around Mang Buk, west of the Kayong language. Alternate names: Ca Tua. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric
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Kayong [kxy] 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Remote mountains of Cong Tum Province. Alternate names: Kagiuong, Ca Giong, Katang. Dialects: Close to Takua and Cua. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East, Cua-Kayong
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Kháng [kjm] 3,921 (1985 F. Proschan). Son La and Lai Chau provinces in northern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Khaang, Tayhay, Tay Hay, Xa, Xá Khao, Xa Xua, Xa Don, Xa Dang, Xa Hoc, Xa Ai, Xa Bung, Quang Lam, Hang, Bren, Ksakautenh, Putenh, Pouteng, Teng, Theng. Dialects: Kháng Clau, Kháng Ai (Xa Khao, Xa Cau, Sakau). Related to Puoc and Phong-Kniang in Laos. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul
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Khao [xao] 10,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northwest, near the Ma River, north of Pa Ma. Dialects: Related to Bit in Laos and China. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Khao
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Khmer, Central [khm] 1,055,174 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Mainly in Hau Giang, Tra Vinh, Vinh Long, Kien Giang, An Giang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Binh Phuoc, and Tay Ninh provinces and Ho Chi Minh City. Alternate names: Cambodian, Kho Me, Cur Cul, Cu Tho, Viet Go Mien, Khome, Krom. Dialects: Central Khmer, Southern Khmer. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer
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Khmu [kjg] 56,542 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Son La, Lai Chau, Nghe An, and Yen Bai provinces. Alternate names: Kmhmu, Khomu, Khamu, Mun Xen, Xa Cau, Kha Cau, Cam Mu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu', Khmu'
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Khua [xhv] 3,000 in Viet Nam (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population total all countries: 5,000. West central; southeast of Giap Tam. Also spoken in Laos. Dialects: Related to Bru, Mangkong, Leun. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Brou-So
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Kim Mun [mji] 170,000 in Viet Nam (1999 J. Edmondson). Alternate names: Mun, Lanten, Lan Ten, Lantin, "Man Lan-Tien", Lowland Yao, Coc Mun, Jinmen, Dao Quan Trang, Red Trouser Yao, Dao Thanh Y, Dao Ao Dai, Great Tunic Yao, Dao Lam Dinh. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
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Koho [kpm] 128,723 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lam Dòng, Binh Thuan, Ninh Thuan and Khanh Hoa provinces. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Coho, Caho, Kohor. Dialects: Chil (Kil), Tring (Trinh), Sre, Kalop, Sop, Laya, Rion, Nop (Xre Nop, Tu-Lop), Tala (To La), Kodu (Co-Don), Pru, Lac (Lat, Lach). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre
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Lachi [lbt] 7,863 in Viet Nam (1990 census). Population includes 3,990 women, in 1,450 households (1990 Liang Min), including Black Lachi 2,500 in 550 households, Long-Haired Lachi 4,500 in 900 households. 10,765 for all La Chi in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 9,016. Ethnic population: 9,600 (2000 D. Bradley). Hà Giang Province, mostly west of Hà Giang in the upper Clear River valley (Riviere Claire) on the China border: Black Lachi at Manyou, Long-Haired Lachi at Manpeng. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: La Chi, Lachí, Laji, Lati, Tai Lati, Lipulio, Y To, Y Pí, Y Póng, Y Mia, Cù Te, Cu-Tê. Dialects: Liputiõ (Black Lachi), Lipupi (Long-Haired Lachi). Related to Gelo. Long-Haired Lachi of Viet Nam (4,806 speakers) has 80% lexical similarity with Flowery Lachi of China; White Lachi of Viet Nam (1,602) has 30% to 40% similarity with the others, and should be considered a separate language. Lexical similarity 36% with Gelo, 33% with Laqua, 34% with Buyang, 28% with Northern Zhuang, 22% with Dong, 23% with Laka, 25% with Hlai. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi
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Lachi, White [lwh] 1,602 (1990 Liang Min). 300 households. Hà Giang Province, northern Viet Nam south of Maguan in China, Manbang and Manmei. Alternate names: White Lachi, Lipupõ. Dialects: Lexical similarity 30% to 40% with other Lachi. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Ge-Chi
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Laghuu [lgh] 300 (2002 Edmondson). Northwestern Viet Nam. Lao Cai Province, Sa Pa District, Nam Sa village. 15 km south and east of Sa Pa City, in the valley below the highest mountain in Viet Nam, Phan Si Pan (3,198 meters). Alternate names: Laopa, Xá Phó. Dialects: It is not known how this relates to Laopang (Laopa) of Myanmar, also in the Lolo group. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi
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Laha [lha] 5,686 (1999 census). Lao Cai and Son La provinces, along the Red and Black rivers. Alternate names: Xá Khao, Khlá Phlao, Klá Dong, Khlá Don, Khlá Dung, Khlá Liik, La Ha Ung, La Ha, Xá Chien, Xá Lay. Dialects: Close to Qabiao. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao
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Lahu [lhu] 6,874 All Lahu (Yellow, Black, White) in Viet Nam (1999 census). Northwestern border of Viet Nam with Laos. Black Lahu are north of Muong Te City near the China border, at Ban Kiem Tra, Phu Nam Ma, Phu Nam Cau, Phu Nam Ha. White Lahu are in one village just to the east of Nha Ca in Muong Te. Alternate names: Lohei, Lahuna, Launa, Laku, Kaixien, Namen, Mussuh, Muhso, Musso, Mussar, Mooso. Dialects: Na (Black Lahu, Khucong, Musser Dam), Nyi (Red Lahu, Musseh Daeng), Shehleh, Lahu Phung (White Lahu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu
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Lahu Shi [kds] 6,874 all Lahu (Yellow, Black, White) in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lai Chau Province, just to the west of Muong Te City on the Son Da (Black River). Alternate names: Kutsung, Kucong, Khutsho, Yellow Lahu, Shi, Kui, Kwi, Ne Thu, La Hu Si. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu
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Lü [khb] 4,964 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lai Chau Province, northern Viet Nam in the Binh Lu area. Alternate names: Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I, Lue, Tai Lu, Nhuon, Duon. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest
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Maa [cma] 33,338 (1999 census). Lam Dong, Dong Nai provinces, spread over a wide area. Alternate names: Maaq, Ma, Maa', Chauma, Ma Ngan, Che Ma, Ma Xop, Ma To, Ma Krung. Dialects: Sometimes considered a Koho dialect. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre
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Maleng [pkt] 200 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). Malieng in Thanh Hoa and Lam Hoa communes, Tuyen Hoa District, dan Hoa in Minh Hoa District, northern Quang Binh Province; Huong Lien commune in Huong Khe District, Ha Tinh Province, 2 or 3 villages bordering Laos, and another to the southeast. Alternate names: Malieng, Malang. Dialects: Malieng (Pa Leng), Kha Phong (Maleng Kari, Maleng Bro, Kha Nam Om). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
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Mang [zng] 2,663 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 3,168. Ethnic population: 4,500 (2000 D. Bradley). Lai Chau Province, in villages in a triangle-shaped area between the Song Da (Black River) and the Nam Na at places such as Nam Nghe, Nam Xung, Nam Ban, Ban Nam Voi. Also spoken in China, Thailand. Alternate names: Mang U, Xá Mang, Xá Ó, Nieng Ó, Chaman, Manbu, Ba'e, Xá Lá Vàng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Mang
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Mantsi [nty] 1,100 (2002 Edmondson). Hà Giang Province at Meo Vac and Dong Van districts. Alternate names: Lolo, Flowery Lolo, Black Lolo, Red Mantsi. Dialects: Called 'Southeast Vernacular' type of Yi. May be related to what is called Southeastern Yi or Guizhou Yi in China. Not intelligible with Sichuan Yi (Nosu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Yi
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Mnong, Central [cmo] 32,451 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Population total all countries: 52,451. Southwest of the Rade, mainly in Song Bé and western Dac Lac provinces. Also spoken in Cambodia. Alternate names: Pnong, Budong, Budang, Phanong. Dialects: Préh (Pre), Biat (Bhiét), Bu Nar, Bu Rung, Dih Bri (Di-Pri), Bu Dang. Biat may be a separate language related to Eastern Mnong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong
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Mnong, Eastern [mng] 30,000 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Southeast of the Rade in Dac Lac and Lam Dòng provinces. Also spoken in USA. Dialects: Mnong Rolom (Rolom, Rolam, Rlam, Ralam), Mnong Gar (Gar), Mnong Kwanh, Chil. Biat may be closer to Eastern Mnong than to Central Mnong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Eastern Mnong
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Mnong, Southern [mnn] 30,000 (2002). Mostly in Binh Phuoc Province south of the Central Mnong and north of the Stieng. Dialects: Bunong (Nong, Pnong), Prang (Po Rang). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong
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Monom [moo] 5,000 (1973 SIL). Eastern Gia Lai and Kon Tum provinces. Alternate names: Bonom, Menam, Monam. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom
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Muong [mtq] 1,137,515 (1999 census). Hoa Bình, Thanh Hóa, Vinh Phú, Yen Bai, Son La, and Ninh Binh provinces, mostly in the mountains of north central Viet Nam. Dialects: Thang, Wang, Mol, Mual, Moi 1, Boi Bi (Moi Bi), Ao Tá (Au Tá). Related to Sach, May, Ruc, Arem, Thavung, Pakatan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong
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Ná-Meo [neo] 1,200 (2002). Northwest part of Lang Son Province, Trang Dinh District, Cao Minh Village and Khuoi Phu Dao Village, Khanh Long Hamlet; Thach An District, Ca Liec Village. Classification: Unclassified
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Nguôn [nuo] 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Minh Hoa District, northeastern Quang Binh Province. Alternate names: Ngouan. Dialects: Diffloth (1992) groups Nguon as a separate language close to Vietnamese, but Doi (1996) and Ferlus (1996) group it with Muong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong
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Nung [nut] 856,412 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Mainly in Cao Bang and Lang Son provinces. A number of Nung now live in Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, Lam Dong, and Dac Lac. Also spoken in Australia, Canada, Laos, USA. Alternate names: Nong, Bu-Nong, Highland Nung, Tai Nung, Tay, Tày Nùng. Dialects: Xuòng, Giang, Nùng An, Nùng Phan Slình (Nùng Fan Slihng), Nùng Cháo, Nùng Lòi, Nùng Qúy Rin (Guiren), Khen Lài, Nùng Inh. Close to Tày and Southern Zhuang (Ningming, Longzhou varieties). Dialect cluster with Southern Zhuang in China. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central
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O'du [tyh] 301 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 495. Nghe Tinh Province in northern Viet Nam. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: O Du, Iduh, 'Iduh, "Tay Hat", Hat, Haat. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu', Khmu'
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Pa Di [pdi] 300 in Viet Nam. Lao Cai Province, Muong Khuong District. Alternate names: Padi. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern
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Pacoh [pac] 16,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Population total all countries: 29,224. Quang Tri Province. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Paco, Pokoh, Bo River Van Kieu. Dialects: Pahi (Ba-Hi). Related to Phuong. 'Koh' in 'Pacoh' means 'mountain'. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
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Pa-Hng [pha] 5,569 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Tuyên Quang and Hà Giang provinces. Alternate names: Pa Hng, Paheng, Baheng, Bahengmai, Pà Hung, Pà Then. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Pa-hng
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Phu Thai [pht] 209,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Northern. Alternate names: Putai, Phutai, Puthay, Puthai. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Lao-Phutai
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Phula [phh] 9,046 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 13,246. Ethnic population: 13,246. Lao Cai Province, near Lao Cai City and one village in Xin Mun District of Hà Giang Province, also Lai Chau and Son La provinces. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Phu La, Phu Khla, Phu Kha, Fu Khla. Dialects: Related to Laghuu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Unclassified
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Phuong [phg] 15,112 (2000 WCD). Quang Nam-Da Nang and Gia Lai-Cong Tum provinces, southeast of the Pacoh language. Alternate names: Phuang, Phuong Catang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
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Puoc [puo] 18,018 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 20,182. Lai Chau and Son La provinces in northern Viet Nam, along the Laos border. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Kha Puhoc, Puhoc, Puok, Pua, Xinh Mul, Xinh-Mun, Xin Mul, Sing Mun, Ksing Mul. Dialects: Related to Khang and Pong 3. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul
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Qabiao [laq] 307 in Viet Nam (2002 Edmondson). Population total all countries: 614. Hà Giang Province, Viet Nam-Yunnan-Kwangsi border, upper Clear River valley, Dunshi, Pugao, Pula, Pubang, Manong; Yên Minh and Mèo Vac districts; Dông Van District, Phô Là and Sung Chang villages. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Ka Beo, Ka Bao, Ka Biao, Laqua, Pubiao, Pupeo, Pu Péo, Pen Ti Lolo, Bendi Lolo. Dialects: Lexical similarity 38% with Gelo, 33% with Lati, 38% with Buyang, 30% with Northern Zhuang, 29% with Dong, 23% with Laka, 26% with Hlai, 10% with Hmong, 7% with Mien. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kadai, Yang-Biao
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Rade [rad] 270,348 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Dac Lac and part of Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa provinces, centered around Banmethuot. Possibly also Cambodia. Also spoken in USA. Alternate names: Rhade, Raday, Rde, E-De, Edeh, De. Dialects: Bih, Ndhur (Mdhur), Adham (A-Dham), Blo, Kodrao (Kdrao), Krung 1, Rde Kpa (Kpa). Bih (1,000) may be a separate language. The Krung 1 dialect is different from the Bahnaric language Krung 2, in Cambodia. Other names of dialects or ethnic groups: Ktul, Dlie, Rue, E-pan, Dong Kay, Arul, Kah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Plateau
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Rengao [ren] 16,000 (2002). Kon Tum Province, from northwest of Dak To to southeast of Kontum city between Sedang and Bahnar. Alternate names: Ro-Ngao. Dialects: Western Rengao, Sedang-Rengao, Bahnar-Rengao. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Rengao
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Roglai, Cacgia [roc] 3,000 (2002). Ninh Thuan Province, on the coast northeast of Phan Rang. Alternate names: Ra-Glai. Dialects: It is considerably different from other Roglai dialects. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Roglai
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Roglai, Northern [rog] 52,931 (2002). Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa and Lam Dong provinces, in the mountains west and south of Nhatrang, and some near Dalat. Alternate names: Radlai, Adlai, Rayglay, Ra-Glai, Rang Glai, Noang, La-Oang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Roglai
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Roglai, Southern [rgs] 41,000 (1999 census). Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan provinces, southern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Rai. Dialects: Rai. Close to Chru and Northern Roglai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Achinese-Chamic, Chamic, South, Coastal, Roglai
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Romam [rmx] 250 (1993 Dang Nghiem Van). On the Viet Nam-Cambodian border. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
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Sedang [sed] 100,648 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 101,434. Kon Tum, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai provinces. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Hadang, Hdang, Hoteang, Roteang, Rotea, Hotea, Xodang, Xa Dang, Cadong, Tang, Kmrang. Dialects: Central Sedang, Greater Sedang, Dak Sut Sedang, Kotua Sedang, Kon Hring Sedang. Closest to Hre. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang
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Sila [slt] 840 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Lai Chau Province, Cú Dè Xù, Khá Pé. 3 villages: Ban Xeo Hai in Xa Can Ho, Xi Thao Chai of Pa Ha, Nam Xin of Muong Nhe. Alternate names: Sida. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani
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Stieng, Budeh [stt] Southern Stieng area, Binh Phuoc and Tay Ninh provinces. Alternate names: Lower Stieng, Southern Stieng. Dialects: Different enough from Bulo Stieng that intelligibility is not functional. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric
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Stieng, Bulo [sti] Population total all countries: 6,059. Binh Phuoc, Lam Dong, and Tay Ninh provinces. Also spoken in Cambodia. Alternate names: Xtieng, Xa-Dieng, Budíp, Rangah, Upper Stieng, Northern Stieng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau
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Sui [swi] 120 in Viet Nam (2002 Edmondson). Tuyen Quang, Chiem Hoa. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui
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Tai Daeng [tyr] 140,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Population total all countries: 165,000. North central Viet Nam in the area of Thanh Hoa Province, south of Sam Nuea. Also spoken in Laos, Thailand, USA. Alternate names: Red Tai, Tai Rouge, Thai Do, Thai Dang, Tai Deng, Daeng, Táy-Môc-Châu, Môc-Châu. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tai Dam [blt] 699,000 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Population total all countries: 763,700. Northern Viet Nam along the Red and Black rivers. Some moved south and are settled in Tung Nghia (Lam Dam),Tho Thanh (Dac Lac), Pleiku (Gia Lai), and elsewhere. Also spoken in Australia, China, France, Laos, Thailand, USA. Alternate names: Tai Noir, Thái Den, Táy-Dam, Black Tai, Tai Do. Dialects: Táy Mu'ò'i (Tai Mueai, Meuay). Close to Song and Tai Dón, but not inherently intelligible with Tai Dón. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tai Do [tyj] 300 (2002). Northern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Tay-Jo, Tay Yo, Tay Muoi, Tay Quy Chau. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai
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Tai Dón [twh] 280,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Population total all countries: 490,000. North Viet Nam along the Red and Black rivers. Some are settled in southern Viet Nam, mainly in Tung Nghia (Lam Dong Province). Also spoken in China, France, Laos. Alternate names: Tai Blanc, Thái Tráng, Tai Lai, Tai Kao, Táy Khao, White Tai. Dialects: Not intelligible with Tai Dam. Lao has influenced the speech of some Tai Dón speakers. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tai Hang Tong [thc] 10,000 (2002). Northern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Hàng Tong, Tày Muòng. Dialects: Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Pu Thay, Tay Thanh, and Tho Da Bac. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tai Thanh [tmm] 20,000 (2002). Northern Viet Nam, Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces. Alternate names: Táy Thanh, Thanh, Tai Man Thanh. Dialects: Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Tai Hang Tong, Pu Thay, and Tho Da Bac. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern
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Takua [tkz] 12,768 (2000 WCD). Quang Nam and Da Nang provinces. Alternate names: Quang Tin Katu, Langya. Dialects: Closest to Cua and Kayong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East, Takua
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Ta'oih, Upper [tth] 19,000 in Viet Nam (2002). 70% monolingual. Thua Thien-Hue Province and Quang Tri Province. Alternate names: T-Oy, Tà-Oi, Tau Oi, Ta Hoi, Toi-Oi, Kantua. Dialects: Pasoom, Kamuan', Palee'n, Leem, Ha'aang (Sa'ang). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta'oih
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Tày [tyz] 1,477,514 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Cao Bàng, Lang Son, Hà Giang, Tuye Quang, Bác Thái, Quang Ninh, Hà Bac, and Lam Dòng provinces, central and northeastern Viet Nam near the China border. Some moved south and settled in Tung Nghia and Song Mao. Also possibly in Laos. Also spoken in France, USA. Alternate names: "Thô", Thu Lao, T'o, Tai Tho, Ngan, Phen. Dialects: Central Tày, Eastern Tày, Southern Tày, Northern Tày, Tày Trung Khanh, Thu Lao, Tày Bao Lac. Dialect continuum to Southern Zhuang in China. Close to Nung. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central
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Tày Sa Pa [tys] 300 (2002 Edmondson). Lao Cai Province, Muong Khuong District. Alternate names: Tai Sa Pa. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern
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Tày Tac [tyt] Northwestern Viet Nam, Muong Tâc District in eastern Son La Province. Alternate names: Tai Tac. Dialects: Related to Tai Dam, Tai Dón, Tai Daeng. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Tho [tou] 68,394 (1999 census). Northern Nghe An Province, highland areas. Cuoi Cham is in Tan Hop commune, Tan Ky District. Alternate names: Cuoi, Cuoi Cham, Keo, Ho Muong Meridional. Dialects: Cuoi Cham (Uy Lo), Mon. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi
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Thu Lao [tyl] 200 (2002 Edmondson). Cao Bàng, Lang Son, Hà Giang, Tuye Quang, Bác Thái, Quang Ninh, Hà Bac, and Lam Dòng provinces, central and northeastern Viet Nam near the China border. Some moved south and settled in Tung Nghia and Song Mao. Also possibly in Laos. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, East Central, Chiang Saeng
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Todrah [tdr] 9,142 (2000 WCD). Kon Tum Province, northeast of Kon Tum City from Kon Hring to Kon Braih. Alternate names: Todrá, Didrah, Didra, Podra, Modra, Kodra. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom
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Trieng [stg] 15,000 (2002). Mainly in Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces. Alternate names: Strieng, Gie-Trieng, Tareh, Treng, Ta-Rieng, Talieng, Dgiéh, Giang Ray, Pin. Dialects: May be related to Jeh or Talieng in Laos. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West
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Ts'ün-Lao [tsl] 10,000 (1993 Dang Nghiem Van). Lai Chau Province, northwestern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Lao. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Central
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Vietnamese [vie] 65,795,718 in VIet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 67,439,139. The entire country. Also spoken in Australia, Cambodia, Canada, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Finland, France, Germany, Laos, Martinique, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Norway, Philippines, Senegal, Thailand, United Kingdom, USA, Vanuatu. Alternate names: Kinh, Gin, Jing, Ching, Viet, Annamese. Dialects: Northern Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Hanoi), Central Vietnamese (Hue), Southern Vietnamese. Numerous dialects. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese
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Extinct languages
Tay Boi [tas] Extinct. Was used in the major ports of French Indo-China. Alternate names: Tay Boy, Annamite French, Vietnamese Pidgin French. Classification: Pidgin, French based
Capital city:
Hanoi
Meaning country name:
(Cognate of the Chinese: 越南), "Beyond the southern border", as referred to by ancient Chinese, or "South Yue", after the Yue peoples of ancient southeast China.
Description Flag:
The flag of Vietnam, officially known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is also known as "Red flag with Yellow star". This flag was adopted as the National flag of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) on November 30, 1955. It became the national flag of Vietnam following the Vietnam War on July 2, 1976.
The flag has a red background with a yellow five-pointed star in the center. There has been 2 versions of the yellow star's meaning. In the years following 1945, during the independence movement of Vietnam, red represents the struggle for independence, yellow represents the color of Vietnamese people, and the five points of the star were widely believed to represent the 5 traditional classes of people: the scholars(Si 士), the peasants(Nong 農), the craftmen(Cong 工), the merchants(Thuong 商), and the soldiers(Binh 兵). However, after the Communist Party of Vietnam had established complete rule over North Vietnam in 1954 and South Vietnam in 1975, the yellow star was often described in political training sessions as representing the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam, and red represents the proletarian revolution.
The flag was designed by Nguyen Huu Tien (Vietnamese: Nguyễn Hữu Tiến), a communist revolutionary of the 1940 Cochinchina Uprising ("Nam Kỳ Khởi nghĩa") against French colonialism, when the flag was seen on the first time. The uprising failed, and he was arrested and executed along with other leaders of the uprising.
The Western heraldic blazon is Gules, a mullet Or.
The flag of North Vietnam in the period of 1945–1955 was similar to the current flag of Vietnam but with a fatter star.
Coat of arms:
The coat of arms of Viet Nam is modelled after Communist Party symbols, including the yellow star on a red field. The cog and crops represent the cooperation of agriculture and industrial labor in the Communist model. It is similar to the coat of arms of People's Republic of China, and was adopted as the Coat of Arms of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) on November 30, 1955. It became national following reunification with South Vietnam on July 2, 1976.
Motto:
Độc lập - Tự do - Hạnh phúc
"Independence - Freedom - Happiness"
National Anthem: Tiến Quân Ca
Verse 1
Đoàn quân Việt Nam đi
Chung lòng cứu quốc
Bước chân dồn vang trên đường gập ghềnh xa
Cờ in máu chiến thắng mang hồn nước,
Súng ngoài xa chen khúc quân hành ca.
Đường vinh quang xây xác quân thù,
Thắng gian lao cùng nhau lập chiến khu.
Vì nhân dân chiến đấu không ngừng,
Tiến mau ra sa trường,
Tiến lên, cùng tiến lên.
Nước non Việt Nam ta vững bền.
The sixth line was originally: "Thề phanh thây uống máu quân thù"
Verse 2
Đoàn quân Việt Nam đi
Sao vàng phấp phới
Dắt giống nòi quê hương qua nơi lầm than
Cùng chung sức phấn đấu xây đời mới,
Đứng đều lên gông xích ta đập tan.
Từ bao lâu ta nuốt căm hờn,
Quyết hy sinh đời ta tươi thắm hơn.
Vì nhân dân chiến đấu không ngừng,
Tiến mau ra sa trường,
Tiến lên, cùng tiến lên.
Nước non Việt Nam ta vững bền.
English translation
Verse 1
Armies of Vietnam, forward!
With the single determination to save the Fatherland,
Our hurried steps resound on the long and arduous road.
Our flag, red with the blood of victory, bears the spirit of the country.
The distant rumbling of the guns mingles with our marching song.
The path to glory passes over the bodies of our foes.
Overcoming all hardships, together we build our resistance bases.
Ceaselessly for the People's cause let us struggle,
Let us hasten to the battlefield!
Forward! All together advancing!
Our Vietnam is strong, eternal.
The sixth line was originally: "We swear to flay the enemies and drink their blood" This was changed to current wordings in 1955 by the Fifth Plenum of the First National Assembly.
Verse 2
Soldiers of Vietnam, forward!
The gold star afluttering
Leading the people of our native land out of misery and suffering.
Let us join our efforts in the fight to build a new life.
Arise and break these chains.
For too long have we swallowed our hatred.
Be ready for all sacrifices and life will be radiant.
Ceaselessly for the People's cause, let us struggle,
Let us hasten to the battlefield!
Forward! All together advancing!
Our Vietnam is strong, eternal.
Internet Page: www.chinhphu.vn
Vietnam in diferent languages
eng | ast | cat | ces | cor | dan | dsb | est | eus | fao | fin | fur | glg | hau | hsb | hun | ibo | ina | jav | jnf | nld | nor | oci | roh | ron | rup | scn | slk | slv | sme | spa | srd | swa | swe | tur | vor | wln | zza: Vietnam
crh | gag | kaa | uzb: Vyetnam / Вьетнам
deu | ltz | nds: Vietnam / Vietnam
bre | frp: Viêt Nam
csb | pol: Wietnam
cym | fry: Fietnam
ind | msa: Vietnam / ۏيتنام
ita | lld: Viet Nam; Vietnam
kin | run: Viyetnamu
mol | slo: Vietnam / Виетнам
afr: Viëtnam
arg: Bietnam; Viet Nam
aze: Vyetnam / Вјетнам
bam: Wiyɛtinamu
bos: Vijetnam / Вијетнам
epo: Vjetnamo; Vjetnamio
fra: Viêt Nam; Viet Nam; Vietnam; Viêtnam
gla: Bhiet-Nam; Bhietnam
gle: Vítneam / Vítneam
glv: Yn Vietnam
hat: Vyetnam
hrv: Vijetnam
isl: Víetnam
kmr: Vîêtnam / Виетнам / ڤیێتنام ; Vêtnam / Ветнам / ڤێتنام
kur: Viyetnam / ڤیەتنام
lat: Vietnamia
lav: Vjetnama
lim: Viëtnam; Vietnam
lin: Vietnami; Vietnam
lit: Vietnamas
mlg: Vietnama
mlt: Vjetnam
mri: Whitināmu
nrm: Vyitename
pap: Viètnam
por: Vietname / Vietnã
que: Witnam
rmy: Vyetnam / व्येत्नाम
smg: Vietnams
smo: Viatename
som: Fiyetnaam
sqi: Vietnami
szl: Wjetnam
tet: Vietname
tgl: Byet-Nam; Biyetnam
ton: Vietinemi
tuk: Wýetnam / Вьетнам
vie: Việt Nam
vol: Vietnamän
wol: Wiyetnaam
abq | alt | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Вьетнам (V'jetnam)
bul | mkd: Виетнам (Vietnam)
bak: Вьетнам / Vyetnam
bel: В’етнам / Vietnam; Віетнам / Vijetnam
kaz: Вьетнам / Vyetnam / ۆيەتنام
srp: Вијетнам / Vijetnam
tat: Вьетнам / Vietnam
tgk: Виетнам / ویتنم / Vietnam
ukr: В’єтнам (V’jetnam)
ara: فييتنام (Fiyītnām); فيتنام (Fiyatnām); الفييتنام (al-Fiyītnām); الفيتنام (al-Fiyatnām)
fas: ویتنام / ویتنام / Viyetnâm
prs: ویتنام (Vētnām)
pus: وېتنام (Wetnām)
uig: ۋيېتنام / Wyétnam / Вьетнам
urd: ویتنام / ویتنام (Viyatnām); ویٹنام (Viyaṫnām)
div: ވިއެޓްނާމް (Vi'eṫnām); ވިއެޓުނާމު (Vi'eṫunāmu)
heb: ויאטנם (Vî'eṭnam); ויאטנאם (Vî'eṭnâm); ויטנם / וייטנם (Vyeṭnam); וייטנאם (Vyeṭnâm)
lad: ב'ייטנאם / Vietnam
yid: װיעטנאַם (Vyetnam)
amh: ቪየትናም (Viyätnam)
ell-dhi: Βιετνάμ (Vietnám)
ell-kat: Βιετνάμ (Vietnám); Βιὲτ-Νάμ (Vièt-Nám)
hye: Վյետնամ (Vyetnam); Վիետնամ (Vietnam)
kat: ვიეტნამი (Vietnami)
hin: वियतनाम (Viyatnām); विअतनाम (Viatnām); वीतनाम (Vītnām)
nep: भियतनाम (Bʰiyatnām)
ben: ভিয়েতনাম (Bʰiyetnām)
pan: ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮ (Vīatnām)
kan: ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮ್ (Viyeṭnām)
mal: വിയറ്റ്നാം (Viyaṟṟnāṁ)
tam: வியட்நாம் (Viyaṭnām)
tel: వియత్నాం (Viyatnāṁ); వియత్నామ్ (Viyatnām)
zho: 越南 (Yuènán)
yue: 越南 (Yuhtnàahm)
jpn: ヴィエトナム (Vietonamu); ベトナム (Betonamu)
kor: 베트남 (Beteunam)
bod: ཝའི་ནམ་ (Wa'i.nam.); ཡོས་ནན་ (Yos.nan.); ཡོ་ནན་ (Yo.nan.)
dzo: བེཊ་ནཱམ་ (Beṭ.nām.)
mya: ဗီယက္နမ္ (Biyeʿnã)
tha: เวียดนาม (Wiyatnām)
lao: ຫວຽດນາມ ([h]Wẏatnām)
khm: វៀតណាម (Vietṇām); យៀកណាម (Yiekṇām)
German postcard by Ross Verlag, no. 5935/2, 1930-1931. Photo: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Ramon Novarro in A Night in Cairo/ The Barbarian (Sam Wood, 1933).
Mexican-American actor Ramon Novarro (1899-1968) was a popular Latin Lover of the 1920s and early 1930s.
Le château de Montcoy est situé sur la commune de Montcoy en Saône-et-Loire, dans la Bresse chalonnaise.
La masse de briques roses du parc se détache sur la verdure du parc et de la forêt voisine. On pénètre dans une cour d'honneur par un grand pont en pierre à balustrades, au bout duquel deux lions sculptés marquent l'emplacement de l'ancien pont-levis démoli au milieu du xixe siècle. Les douves subsistent de ce côté, profondes et bordées de parapets, qui épousent les contours de tours disparues.
Construit en brique avec chaînages d'angle harpés et encadrements de baies en pierre de taille, le château comporte un corps principal, de plan rectangulaire allongé, et deux ailes en retour, d'inégale longueur, dont l'étage de comble est éclairé par des lucarnes à fronton-pignon et des œils-de-bœuf sous des toits brisés. Au centre du corps de logis, s'élève un pavillon dont les façades, sur la cour et sur le parc, sont couronnées de grands frontons cintrés. Un pavillon de même type, couronné d'un fronton triangulaire, flanque l'extrémité de l'aile sud, bâtie au xviiie siècle. L'aile nord est prolongée par de petits bâtiments, vestiges du château du xve siècle. Des bandeaux de pierre ornent la base des fenêtres.
La façade occidentale domine une pièce d'eau qui s'étend jusqu'à la forêt. Le tracé irrégulier du parc reprend celui de la forteresse primitive.
Le château est une propriété privée. Il est inscrit à l'Inventaire Supplémentaire des Monuments historiques depuis 19961. Les extérieurs se visitent sur demande.
Jusqu'à la fin du xviie siècle, le fief change de mains de nombreuses fois.
1422 : Antoine de Granges, appartenant à une puissante maison féodale franc-comtoise, est le premier seigneur connu du lieu
1443 : Thomas de Grammont (ou Grandmont), dont la famille est issue des barons de Granges, possède le fief
1451 : Richard de Dammartin
du milieu du xve siècle au milieu du xvie siècle : maisons de Bauffremont et de Lugny
1545 : maison de Montcony
xvie siècle : familles des Jours
1661 : François de Damas
1670 : le précédent vend la seigneurie à Étienne Lantin (1610 - 1681), originaire de Chalon conseiller du roi et maître ordinaire en la Chambre des comptes de Dijon; ce dernier abandonne le château primitif et fait élever le bâtiment central de l'édifice actuel
xviiie siècle : l'arrière-petit-fils du précédent, colonel au régiment d'Enghien, fait ajouter l'aile gauche de la cour d'honneur sur des plans de l'architecte chalonnais Niepce
1867 : décès d'Antoine Lantin, dernier baron de Montcoy, à l'âge de 93 ans
fin xixe siècle : le petit-fils du précédent, le Père Bernard de de Riverieulx de Varax (1842 - 1912), fils de Louis de Riverieulx de Varax (1807 - 1866) et de Nathalie Lantin de Montcoy (1809 - 1877), fait don du domaine à son cousin, le comte Régis de Riverieulx de Varax (1843 - 1920) dont les descendants possèdent toujours le château
1920 : le comte Joseph de Riverieulx de Varax (1868 - 1938), fils du précédent, hérite de la propriété
1938 : le comte Régis de Riverieulx de Varax (1897 - 1943), fils du précédent, hérite de la propriété
xxe siècle : propriété de la comtesse Régis de Riverieux de Varax
Wikipedia dixit.