Animal Taxonomy - Hemiptera

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About Animal Taxonomy - Hemiptera

Classifying HEMIPTERA animal organisms.
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Kingdom / Phylum / Class / Order / Suborder and Infraorder OF SPECIMEN
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Order: Hemiptera
Suborders:
Archaeorrhyncha - Clypeorrhyncha - Prosorrhyncha - Sternorrhyncha

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Hemiptera is a large, cosmopolitan order of insects, comprising some 67,500 known species in three suborders. Traditionally these taxa were treated as two separate orders, Homoptera (Auchenorrhyncha and Sternorrhyncha) and Heteroptera; the former name is now obsolete (the group was paraphyletic), and the latter name is falling into disuse, often replaced by Prosorrhyncha. Referring latest investigations the name Auchenorrhyncha should also be replaced by Archeorrhyncha and Clyeporrhyncha.

Members of the "Heteroptera" are typically called "true bugs". The name heteroptera comes from their forewings having both membranous and hard portions. It is also essentially this same feature which gives the order its name, hemiptera, coming from the Greek for half-wing.

Members of the Hemiptera are distinguished from all other insects by both adults and nymphs having a proboscis usually specialized to suck the nectar from plant juices, including seeds, although some species are predatory (on arthropods and sometimes small animals), and a few are adapted to suck blood from mammals.

The name Prosorrhyncha is a name (proposed by Sorensen et al. 1995) for a suborder of Hemiptera, comprising a grouping of the traditional taxon "Heteroptera" plus its sister taxon, the family Peloridiidae (often classified as a suborder itself). There is no agreement on the status of this taxon, as there are two competing classifications regarding this branch of the Hemiptera; while some hemipterists follow this classification (link below), it has by no means been accepted universally. See the Heteroptera article for the detailed discussion, and a comparison of the two taxoboxes.

Prosorrhyncha:
Note that there is a "conflict within the conflict" regarding the use of the name "Prosorrhyncha", as it is not the oldest name suggested for this particular group of taxa; the name "Heteropteroidea" (Schlee 1969) is older, as is "Heteropterodea" (Zrzavy 1992). However, as the Code of Nomenclature does not regulate taxon names above the rank of family, there is no actual rule that the oldest name must be given precedence. Prosorrhyncha is therefore given preference over the other names specifically because the suffixes of the older names are conventionally reserved for taxonomic ranks other than suborder, thus their use would create internal conflict and confusion (e.g., the ending "-oidea" is used for the rank of superfamily, meaning that if "Heteropteroidea" were adopted, it would include, within it, groups such as Pentatomoidea, Lygaeoidea, etc.).

Planthopper:
The name planthopper is used to refer to any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha within the Hemiptera. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though surprisingly few are considered pests. The infraorder contains only a single superfamily, Fulgoroidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other members of the classical "Homoptera" by two features; the bifurcate ("Y"-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped third segment that bears a fine filamentous arista.

Cicadomorpha:
The Cicadomorpha is the infraorder of the Hemiptera which contains the cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, and spittlebugs. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, and many produce either audible sounds or substrate vibrations as a form of communication.

Sternorrhyncha:
The Sternorrhyncha is the suborder of the Hemiptera which contains the aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects, groups which were traditionally included in the order Homoptera. "Sternorrhyncha" refers to the rearward position of the mouthparts relative to the head. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, and many are major crop and ornamental pests. Many exhibit modified morphology and/or life cycles, including phenomena such as flightless morphs, parthenogenesis, sexual dimorphism, and even eusociality.
Well-known groups in the Sternorrhyncha include:
* aphids - (Aphididae and allied families)
* woolly and gall-making aphids (Eriosomatidae, Pemphigidae)
* pine and spruce aphids (Adelgidae, Chermidae)
* phylloxerans (Phylloxeridae, including Vine Phylloxera)
* whiteflies - (Aleyrodidae)
* jumping plant lice - (Psyllidae and allied families)
* Superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects)
o cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, and ground pearls (Margarodidae)
o armored scale (Diaspididae)
o cochineal (Dactylopiidae)
o lac scales (Kerriidae, Lacciferidae)
o soft scales (Coccidae)
o pit scales (Asterolecaniidae)
o mealybugs (Pseudococcidae)
o felted scales (Eriococcidae)