Forja y fundición

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About Forja y fundición

LA FORJA (wikipedia).

es el arte y el lugar de trabajo del forjador o herrero, cuyo trabajo consiste en dar forma al metal por medio del fuego y del martillo. (Wikipedia)

Básicamente una forja contiene una fragua para calentar los metales (normalmente acero o hierro), un yunque y un recipiente en el cual se puede refrigerar rápidamente las piezas forjadas para templarlas. Las herramientas incluyen tenazas para coger el hierro caliente y martillos para golpear el metal caliente.

La forja trabaja el metal por deformación plástica. Se distingue del trabajo del metal en el que se retira o elimina parte del material (por brocas, fresadoras, torno, etc.)
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forja

FUNDICIÓN (Wikipedia)

Se denomina fundición al proceso de fabricación de piezas, comúnmente metálicas pero también de plástico, consistente en fundir un material e introducirlo en una cavidad, llamada molde, donde se solidifica.

El proceso tradicional es la fundición en arena, por ser ésta un material refractario muy abundante en la naturaleza y que, mezclada con arcilla, adquiere cohesión y moldeabilidad sin perder la permeabilidad que posibilita evacuar los gases del molde al tiempo que se vierte el metal fundido.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundici%c3%b3n

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The FORGE or smithy is the workplace of a smith or a blacksmith. Forging is the term for shaping metal by plastic deformation. Cold forging is done at low temperatures, while conventional forging is done at high temperatures, which makes metal easier to shape and less likely to fracture.

A basic smithy contains a forge, sometimes called a hearth for heating the metals, commonly iron or steel to a temperature where the metal becomes malleable (typically red hot), or to a temperature where work hardening ceases to accumulate, an anvil to lay the metal pieces on while hammering, and a slack tub to rapidly cool, and thus harden, forged metal pieces in. Tools include tongs to hold the hot metal, and hammers to strike the hot metal.

Once the final shape has been forged, iron and steel in particular often get some type of heat treatment. This can result in various degrees of hardening or softening depending on the details of the treatment.

Casting is a manufacturing process by which a molten material such as metal or plastic is introduced into a mold, allowed to solidify within the mold, and then ejected or broken out to make a fabricated part. Casting is used for making parts of complex shape that would be difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods (such as cutting from solid material).

Casting may be used to form hot, liquid metals or meltable plastics (called thermoplastics), or various materials that cold set after mixing of components such as certain plastic resins (e.g. epoxy), water setting materials such as concrete or plaster, and materials that become liquid or paste when moist such as clay, which when dry enough to be rigid is removed from the mold, further dried, and fired in a kiln.

Substitution is always a factor in deciding whether other techniques should be used instead of casting. Alternatives include parts that can be stamped out on a punch press or deep-drawn, forged, items that can be manufactured by extrusion or by cold-bending, and parts that can be made from highly active metals.

The CASTING process is subdivided into two distinct subgroups: expendable and nonexpendable mold casting: